For decades, thousands of African American students in California public schools were misplaced in separate, self-contained classes for the mentally retarded through the use of racially and culturally biased standardized I.Q. tests. Public Advocates successfully brought this lawsuit to stop the use of the tests with African American students. This resulted in the landmark 1979 Peckham decision, affirmed by the Court of Appeal. To this day the injunction remains in place — no I.Q. tests to identify or place African Americans in special education in Califiornia. When the parties returned to the Court of Appeal in 1986 the Court affirmed Judge Peckham’s decision.